{"id":8829,"date":"2023-10-04T16:36:43","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T16:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/power2innovate.com\/wing-flapping-robot-helps-explain-the-evolution-of-insect-flight\/"},"modified":"2023-10-04T16:36:43","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T16:36:43","slug":"wing-flapping-robot-helps-explain-the-evolution-of-insect-flight","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/power2innovate.com\/wing-flapping-robot-helps-explain-the-evolution-of-insect-flight\/","title":{"rendered":"Wing-flapping robot helps explain the evolution of insect flight"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> \n<\/p>\n<div id=\"\">\n<figure class=\"article-image-inline ArticleImage\" data-method=\"caption-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"ArticleImage__Wrapper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=100 100w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=200 200w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=249 249w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=300 300w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=400 400w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=500 500w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=600 600w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=700 700w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=800 800w, https:\/\/images.newscientist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/04154200\/SEI_174616579.jpg?width=900 900w\" class=\"image size-full wp-image-2395944 ReplaceImageLazyload\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1130px) 900px, (min-width: 1025px) 900, (min-width: 768px) calc(100vw - 30px), calc(100vw - 30px)\" alt=\"Carolina Sphinx Moth (Manduca sexta)\" width=\"1350\" height=\"900\" data-credit=\"Jay Ondreicka\/Shutterstock\" data-caption=\"The tobacco hawkmoth (Manduca sexta)\"\/><\/div><figcaption class=\"ArticleImageCaption\">\n<div class=\"ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper\">\n<p class=\"ArticleImageCaption__Title\">The tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta)<\/p>\n<p class=\"ArticleImageCaption__Credit\">Jay Ondreicka\/Shutterstock<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>Some insects can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2333339-hovering-robots-could-get-more-lift-by-treading-water-in-the-air\/\">flap their wings<\/a> so rapidly that it\u2019s impossible for instructions from their brains to entirely control the behaviour. Building tiny flapping robots has helped researchers shed light on how they evolved to do this.<\/p>\n<p>If you flap your arms, each movement happens after your brain directs your arm muscles to contract and then relax. Something similar happens for many insects as they beat their wings. But for some, including mosquitoes, those brain signals and flapping are out of sync. After the initial signal to contract, the insects\u2019 muscles undergo additional contract-relax cycles before they even receive another impulse from the brain. This so-called \u201casynchronous\u201d flight allows them to flap their wings at exceptionally high rates.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/physics.gatech.edu\/user\/simon-sponberg\">Simon Sponberg<\/a> at the Georgia Institute of Technology and his colleagues set out to understand the evolutionary history of this form of insect flight.<\/p>\n<p>They began by gathering data on how many insects are capable of asynchronous flight. Then, they used an evolutionary tree of all insects to run computer simulations designed to assess how many times the behaviour evolved.<\/p>\n<p>Four different groups of insects are currently capable of asynchronous flight, and researchers previously thought that each group evolved the ability independently. However, the new simulations suggested otherwise: they showed that, in 87 per cent of possible evolutionary scenarios, the trait only evolved <span class=\"js-content-prompt-opportunity\"\/> once.<\/p>\n<p>The simulations also suggested some modern insects that are incapable of asynchronous flight had ancestors that could fly this way. So the researchers decided to focus on one such species \u2013 the tobacco <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg23931942-400-an-extreme-close-up-with-a-beautiful-furry-moth\/\">hawk moth<\/a> (<em>Manduca sexta<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>When they measured the mechanical properties of the hawk moth\u2019s muscles, including their stretchiness and how quickly they relaxed, the team found that the insect was not fully incapable of asynchronous flight. The reason hawk moths don\u2019t fly this way is because their flight muscles\u2019 impulse to contract in response to brain signals alone is stronger than their tendency to switch to an automatic, independent contraction cycle. \u201cInstead of [asynchronous flight] being totally lost, it\u2019s just turned way down,\u201d says Sponberg.<\/p>\n<p>This discovery motivated the researchers to build a robot capable of switching between the two types of flight when its flapping mechanisms are tuned in a similar way to the hawk moth\u2019s muscles. Sponberg says their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/video\/2307480-watch-powerful-insect-inspired-flying-robot\/\">insect-sized<\/a> \u201croboflapper\u201d is the first to ever fly asynchronously, using self-excitation of its artificial muscles.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.ucalgary.ca\/biological-sciences\/contacts\/douglas-syme\">Douglas Syme<\/a> at the University of Calgary in Canada says that scientists previously assumed it would be as difficult for an insect to switch between the two types of flight as turning a \u201cpiston engine into a jet engine\u201d. But the new study suggests otherwise, he says, showing that it is more like turning \u201cthe engine of a pickup truck into the engine of a Ferrari \u2013 which are fundamentally the same, just tweaked for different applications\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The discovery could shed light on why insects have transitioned between the two modes of flight as they have evolved, he says.<\/p>\n<p>However, <a href=\"https:\/\/ib.berkeley.edu\/people\/faculty\/dudleyr\">Robert Dudley<\/a> at the University of California, Berkeley says the team\u2019s evolutionary model was mostly based on the structure and microscopic properties of insect anatomy. He says the idea that asynchronous flight only evolved once could be made more convincing by cross-referencing it with measurements of wing flapping frequencies from insects in the field. But he thinks the study may still provide useful information for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2387613-flying-bird-robot-can-soar-so-well-it-uses-almost-no-power\/\">engineers building flying robots<\/a>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"ArticleTopics\">\n<p class=\"ArticleTopics__Heading\">Topics:<\/p>\n<\/section><\/div>\n\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2395779-wing-flapping-robot-helps-explain-the-evolution-of-insect-flight\/?utm_campaign=RSS%7CNSNS&#038;utm_source=NSNS&#038;utm_medium=RSS&#038;utm_content=technology\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta) Jay Ondreicka\/Shutterstock Some insects can flap their wings so rapidly that it\u2019s impossible for instructions from their brains to entirely control the behaviour. Building tiny flapping robots has helped researchers shed light on how they evolved to do this. If you flap your arms, each movement happens after your &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8831,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4974],"tags":[6135,5000,316,2528,6013,5250,6134],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Wing-flapping robot helps explain the evolution of insect flight - Innovation Discoveries<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/power2innovate.com\/wing-flapping-robot-helps-explain-the-evolution-of-insect-flight\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wing-flapping robot helps explain the evolution of insect flight - Innovation Discoveries\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta) Jay Ondreicka\/Shutterstock Some insects can flap their wings so rapidly that it\u2019s impossible for instructions from their brains to entirely control the behaviour. Building tiny flapping robots has helped researchers shed light on how they evolved to do this. 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