\n ERS-2 re-entering the atmosphere, photographed on 29 January\u00a0\u200b2024. Credit: HEO
\n <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\nAt the time of launch, the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites were the most sophisticated Earth observation satellites ever developed in Europe. In March 2000, a computer failure led to the end of the ERS-1 mission, however ERS-2 would survive for much longer.<\/p>\n
Surface temperature data is needed for weather forecasting, ocean prediction and climate monitoring, and while “in situ” measurements (e.g., from buoys) are useful, satellite data can cover the whole ocean, including in remote regions. Both ERS-1 and ERS-2 carried an instrument called the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR), which enabled scientists to accurately estimate temperature by detecting infrared heat from the Earth’s surface.<\/p>\n
The ATSR series were originally developed by a U.K. consortium led by RAL Space, and have gone on to influence future instruments including the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) for ESA’s Sentinel-3 satellites. The series are considered among the most accurate remote sensing instruments in terms of data calibration, having provided a “gold standard” for Earth’s surface temperatures over a period of more than 20 years.<\/p>\n